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The Baotu Spring (, sometimes translated as "Jet Spring" or "Spurting Spring") is a culturally significant artesian karst spring located in the city of Jinan, Shandong, China. It is mentioned in the ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', one of the Five Classics of Chinese literature, and was declared the "Number One Spring under the Heaven" () by the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty. The Baotu Spring is the most renowned among the more than 70 named artesian springs in the downtown area of the city of Jinan. The water of all these springs originates from an Ordovician karst aquifer under the city. As the terrain around Jinan slopes from the south down to the north, the recharge area for the aquifer is located in the mountainous area to the south of the city. The recharge area of the springs covers 1,500 square kilometres, out of which 550 km2 provide direct recharge and 950 km2 indirect recharge.〔Q. Wu and H. Xu (2005): A three-dimensional model and its potential application to spring protection. Environ Geol (2005) 48: 551558〕 Altogether, the springs fed by the aquifer have a discharge of about 300,000-350,000 cubic metres per day.〔D. Yuan (2007): Urban Hydrogeology in Karst Regions of China. - International Conference on Karst Hydrogeology and Ecosystems 2007〕 Since the 1970s, the springs have stopped flowing several times because too much water has been taken out from the aquifer for human consumption (more than 270,000 m3 per day in the 1970s〔). The Baotu Spring is part of a cluster of about 20 named springs. Water age estimates suggest that its water originates from shallow circulation.〔(setcookie=yes Fang, P., Cao, Y., Tang, K., Li, X., Wang, S. (1988) Age Dating of the Groundwater in the Spring Area of Jinan City in: Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection. Volume 2. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Guilin, China October 10-15, 1988. IAHS Publication No. 176, (1988). p 597-605 )〕 The spring pool of the Baotu Spring is fed by an underwater limestone water through three outlets, the volume of the water coming out of the spring can reach peak values up to 1.6 cubic metres per second.〔(online article at www.chinaculture.org )〕 The water jets from the spring are said to have reached highs up to 26 metres.〔(online article at www.travelchinaguide.com )〕 The water temperature remains constant of 18 degree Celsius through the entire year.〔 ==Other springs in the Baotu Group== Among the other springs in the Baotu Group that are also on the list of the "seventy-two famous springs" () in Jinan are: *Jinxian Spring () *Huanghua Spring () *Liuxu Spring () *Woniu Spring (, literally "lying cattle spring") *Shuyu Spring () *Mapao Spring () *Wuyou Spring (, literally "carefree spring") *Shiwan Spring () *Zhanlu Spring () *Manjing Spring () *Dengzhou Spring () *Dukang Spring () *Wangshui Spring () 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baotu Spring」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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